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Box 35251 Minneapolis, Minnesota 55435 Phone: (612) 920-0072 Executive Tells Seminar LNG Cargo Is One Of Safest Forms Of Energy To Transport "With proper training of personnel, liquefied natural gas (LNG) is one of the safest of all energy forms to transport," said Daniel E. Withers, president of Houston, Texas-based Arctic Tanker Group, Inc. A recent Hazardous Cargo Seminar held at the Maritime Institute of Technology and Graduate Studies in Baltimore, Md., examined properties of liquefied natural gas and disctis- sed procedures which can be used to insure the safety of personnel and cargo. Mr. Withers told seminar attendees that LNG is far safer to handle than gasoline, and presented a film showing that LNG fires can be successfully controlled using conventional fire-fighting methods. The film, which was pre- pared to train personnel who may encounter LNG in an emergency situation, showed the Portland, Ore., Fire Department releasing LNG onto the ground at varying rates and at various distances from a source of ignition, then extinguishing the fires. The film's tests mainly involved the reaction of vapor-air mix- tures to direction by hose streams, although other areas of LNG behavior were noted. LNG will not ignite until it has heated from its liquid temperature of -260° F vaporized and come into direct contact with a flame, at which time its slow flame propagation rate makes it easy to control. Also, LNG in its liquid state is not explosive. In all of the film's test cases, LNG fires were controlled and/or extinguished with water or dry chemicals. Firemen found that by placing water streams midpoint between an L'NG leak and a flame, they can increase the dispersion rate of the gas into the air while directing it away from the flame. One water stream warms the LNG, causing vaporation, while another water stream controls the direction of the gas. The film's experiments showed that conven- tional dry chemical extinguishers will put out an LNG fire without the need to increase va- porization, and disperse the LNG into the air.- A 250-1 expansion detergent foam commonly used in fire fighting was found to retard vapor- ization of the liquid which would prevent the gas from reaching an igniter, but the foam would not extinguish an LNG fire. Direct LNG contact froze and cracked some materials such as a fireman's glove and boot, but had no real effect on a fire hose. Frost-burn is a potential hazard if personnel come into direct contact with LNG. Firemen experimented with several methods of eliminating a pool of LNG. The most prac- tical method is to spray it with water to in- crease vaporization and dispersion. However, personnel must cautiously control the direction of the LNG, as the film showed that an igniter above the LNG level will ignite rising L'NG at a further distance than an igniter at grade. Other experiments showed that discharging LNG on top of or into a pool of water were unfeasible ways to eliminate the liquid. LNG discharged onto water resulted in a gradual formation of ice and an unstable white solid. When pumped into a pool of water, LNG un- derwent initial rapid vaporization, followed by violent eruptions as ice formed, then broke from vapor pressure. The Portland Fire Department's tests showed that in directing the gas, the hose size is a variable: a small hose has marginal value, while a large hose provides effective control. Persons working with LNG who understand its potential behavior under hazardous condi- tions such as fire should find it relatively easy to control. Its slow propagation rate, low ex- plosive potential and its ability to be contained by conventional means, remove some of the dangers ordinarily associated with chemical and energy transportation. October 1, 1973 45
